Journal of Agriculture, Agribusiness, Welfare, Technology, Humanity, Environment, Social, and Economy
Journal Identity Journal : Journal of Agriculture, Agribusiness, Welfare, Technology, Humanity, Environment, Social, and Economy Initials : AGRONES Editor In Chief : La Oge, S.P, M.P Frequency : 4 issues per year (Januari, April, Juli, Oktober) Publisher : Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Unsultra E-ISSN : 3110-3405 AGRONES: Journal of Agriculture, Agribusiness, Welfare, Technology, Humanity, Environment, Social, and Economy is a multidisciplinary scientific journal committed to publishing high-quality research, innovations, and practical applications across the interconnected fields of agriculture, agribusiness, community welfare, technology, human development, environmental sustainability, social dynamics, and economic growth. The journal aims to be a leading platform for academics, researchers, and practitioners to share the latest findings that contribute to building a sustainable, inclusive, and technology-driven agricultural and rural development sector. AGRONES welcomes original research articles, case studies, and literature reviews that explore diverse perspectives, from technological innovations in farming systems to policy and socio-economic analyses, environmental conservation strategies, and community-based agricultural development models. The journal applies a rigorous double-blind peer-review process to ensure the quality, credibility, and originality of its publications. Adopting an open-access policy, AGRONES ensures global accessibility, enabling the wide dissemination of scientific knowledge that supports integrated and sustainable progress in agriculture and related fields.
Financial Feasibility Analysis of Layer Chicken Farming at PT Mitra Sejati, Konawe Selatan Regency
This study aimed to analyze the production cost structure, revenue, income, and financial feasibility of the commercial laying hen enterprise operated by PT Mitra Sejati in Konda District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted from July to August 2025 using a quantitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through direct observation, interviews with the owner and employees, documentation of production records, and analysis of supporting secondary data. The variables analyzed included farm profile, production resources, investment costs, production costs, revenue, income, and financial feasibility using income analysis, Revenue–Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio), and Benefit–Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio). The results showed that PT Mitra Sejati experienced significant business development, increasing from 3,000 laying hens in 2023 to 8,000 birds in 2025, with 4,200 productive hens producing approximately 140 trays of eggs per day. The total investment cost reached IDR 254,800,000, while total production costs during one 18-month production cycle amounted to IDR 3,736,020,857. Total revenue obtained from egg sales, culled hens, and poultry manure reached IDR 3,979,400,000, resulting in a net income of IDR 243,379,143 or an average monthly income of IDR 13,521,064. The financial feasibility analysis indicated an R/C Ratio value of 1.07 and a B/C Ratio value of 0.07, demonstrating that the enterprise was economically feasible and generated positive returns. However, feed costs represented the largest production expenditure, accounting for approximately 70% of total costs, indicating that feed efficiency improvement remains a major strategy for increasing profitability. Overall, PT Mitra Sejati’s commercial laying hen enterprise has good development prospects, supported by effective production management, diversified revenue sources, and continuous improvement in operational efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayu Warni Erika Priski, Hajar Hajar, Awal Maulid Sari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of the Biomass Weight Ratio of Patchouli Leaves and Sawdust on the Chemical Properties of Patchouli Briquettes
The increasing depletion of fossil fuel reserves and rising global energy demand have accelerated the development of renewable energy sources, particularly biomass-based fuels. This study aimed to analyze the effect of biomass weight ratios of patchouli leaf waste and sawdust on the chemical properties and combustion rate of charcoal briquettes, and to determine the optimum composition for producing high-quality briquettes. The research was conducted in Wakumoro Village, Parigi District, Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, from October to November 2025. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied with five treatment levels and three replications. The treatments consisted of different ratios of patchouli leaves and sawdust: P1 (100% patchouli leaves), P2 (75% + 25%), P3 (50% + 50%), P4 (25% + 75%), and P5 (100% sawdust). The observed parameters included moisture content, ash content, and combustion rate. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that biomass composition significantly affected moisture content, ash content, and combustion rate of briquettes. The best overall performance was obtained in P2, with moisture content of 1.57% and ash content of 7.48%, both meeting the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-6235-2000). The highest combustion rate was observed in P3 at 6.93 g/min. These findings indicate that the combination of patchouli leaf waste and sawdust has strong potential as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel and provides an effective solution for agricultural and wood waste utilization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amal Muliono, La Oge, Erni Danggi, Rustan Ari, Hastian Hastian, Wa Ode Nur Siti Fatimah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Production Performance Of Commercial Laying Hens At The Tiga Putri Business Group In Bambaea Village, East Poleang District, Bombana Regency
This study aimed to evaluate the production performance of commercial laying hens at Kelompok Usaha Tiga Putri using key indicators, including feed consumption, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Hen Day Production (HDP), egg weight, and mortality rate. A quantitative descriptive case study design was employed. Data were collected through direct observation, interviews, and production recording over a 30-day period involving 60 laying hens. The results indicate that feed consumption was relatively stable, with a total intake of 208,630 g and minimal feed residue, reflecting efficient feeding management. The average FCR value was 2.2, indicating good feed utilization efficiency. The average HDP reached 88%, categorized as high and within commercial production standards. Egg weight remained consistent at 59–60 g/egg, classified as medium to large size. The mortality rate was low at 2%, indicating favorable flock health conditions. Overall, the production system demonstrated good management efficiency in supporting laying hen productivity. However, improvement is still required in feed formulation, ration quality optimization, and housing environmental control to further enhance production efficiency and sustainability. The findings provide practical insights for improving laying hen management in small to medium-scale commercial poultry farms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Afni, Hajar Hajar, Inal Inal, Awal Maulid Sari, Wa Ode Umrawati Latif, Farra Sasmita (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Potential Land Extensification And Expansion In Private Oil Palm Plantations In Indonesia
The expansion of private oil palm plantations in Indonesia remains a critical issue due to the country’s position as the world’s largest crude palm oil (CPO) producer, with production reaching 48.23 million tonnes in 2023. This study aims to analyze the potential, constraints, and strategic opportunities for plantation extensification, particularly through the utilization of marginal lands (S2 and S3) and corporate expansion strategies such as mergers, acquisitions, and partnership schemes. A systematic literature review was conducted by synthesizing peer-reviewed journals, government statistics, and institutional reports selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria to capture current dynamics of oil palm development in Indonesia. The findings indicate that the availability of highly suitable agricultural land (S1) is increasingly limited, encouraging companies to explore alternative strategies such as the optimization of degraded and idle lands, strengthening smallholder partnership schemes (plasma), and implementing replanting programs such as Peremajaan Sawit Rakyat (PSR). However, these opportunities are constrained by stricter environmental governance, land-use regulations, and increasing global sustainability requirements. The review further shows that S2 and S3 lands present significant biophysical limitations, including high soil acidity, poor drainage, and aluminium toxicity, which increase production costs and require advanced agronomic management. Socio-economic challenges such as land conflicts and unequal benefit distribution also continue to affect plantation expansion outcomes. This study concludes that Indonesia’s palm oil development is gradually shifting from land extensification toward productivity intensification. This transition highlights the need for stronger sustainability governance through ISPO and RSPO certification systems, improved environmental management practices, and more inclusive stakeholder engagement to ensure that plantation development remains economically viable, environmentally responsible, and socially equitable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cecep Ijang Wahyudin, Rangga Rahmananda, Fachri Ibrahim Nasution, Ronal Castro, Rahayu Dwi Ningtyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Corn Flour Substitution on Moisture Content and Organoleptic Properties in Cookies (Zea Mays L)
This study aimed to determine the effect of corn flour (Zea mays L.) substitution on the moisture content and organoleptic characteristics of cookies, including color, aroma, texture, and taste. The study employed an experimental method with a quantitative approach using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments: A0 (0%), A01 (15%), A02 (25%), and A03 (35%), each with three replicates, resulting in 12 experimental units. The cookie production process involved substituting corn flour for wheat flour; moisture content was then analyzed using the oven method, and organoleptic testing was conducted with 15 panelists using a 1–5 hedonic scale. The results indicated that corn flour substitution influenced the moisture content and organoleptic characteristics of the cookies. The highest moisture content was obtained in treatment A0 at 4.56%, while the lowest moisture content was found in treatment A01 at 2.46%. The organoleptic test results showed that treatment A02 received the highest score for color at 3.80, while the highest scores for aroma, texture, and taste were obtained in treatment A0 at 4.00, 3.93, and 4.00, respectively. In general, increasing corn flour substitution caused the color to change to a more yellowish-brown and made the cookies more brittle due to the absence of gluten in corn flour. Based on all test parameters, treatment A02 with 25% corn flour substitution showed the most balanced results and was still acceptable to the panelists. This study indicates that corn flour has the potential to be used as a wheat flour substitute in the development of cookies based on local food ingredients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Titik Harianti, Ruksanan Ruksanan, Hastian Hastian, La Oge, Rustan Ari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Body Weight of Kacang Goats in the Soropia Subdistrict, Konawe Regency
This study aims to analyze the body weight characteristics of Kacang goats based on sex and to determine the level of body weight variation in Kacang goats in Soropia Subdistrict, Konawe Regency. The study was conducted from September to October 2025 using a quantitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method. The study sample consisted of 74 male and female Kacang goats ranging in age from 6 months to over 24 months. Data collection was performed through direct body weight measurements using a digital scale with a precision of 0.1 kg. Data analysis was performed descriptively to obtain the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation, while differences in body weight between male and female goats were analyzed using a t-test with the assistance of SPSS version 20. The results of the study showed that the average body weight of male Kacang goats was 16.41 ± 1.31 kg with a coefficient of variation of 7.97%, while female Kacang goats had an average body weight of 15.89 ± 1.19 kg with a coefficient of variation of 7.46%. Statistical test results indicate a significant difference (P<0.05) between the body weights of male and female Kacang goats. Male goats tend to have higher body weights compared to female goats due to physiological and hormonal factors, particularly testosterone, which supports muscle and body growth. The low coefficient of variation indicates that the Kacang goat population exhibits a fairly high level of growth uniformity. This study concludes that sex has a significant effect on the body weight of Kacang goats in Soropia Subdistrict and that the livestock population exhibits relatively homogeneous growth characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lois Jasriani R.B, Farra Sasmita, Awal Maulid Sari, Inal Inal, Hajar Hajar, Natsir Sandiah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis Of Insect Fauna Biodiversity On Reclamation Land From Former Nickel Mining In Konawe Regency
Nickel mining activities have been identified as a factor in insect biodiversity degradation. This study aimed to evaluate insect community parameters, including species, diversity, abundance, and evenness, by comparing post-mining and natural land in Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency. Sampling was conducted using sweep net, pitfall trap, and light trap methods. The findings showed a significant decrease in species richness in the post-mining land (4 orders, 6 families, 11 individuals) compared to the control land (6 orders, 11 families, 104 individuals). Although both locations had a moderate diversity index (H’) (1.55 vs. 1.72), the post-mining land recorded a higher evenness index (E) (0.86), indicating a more balanced distribution between families but with a much lower population. Dominance shifted from Ectobiidae in the natural land to Crambidae and Scoliidae in the post-mining area, confirming a transformation in community structure due to the impact of nickel mining.
Copyright (c) 2026 Awaluddin Awaluddin, Ibnu Fajar, Muhammad Botek, Waode Siti Anima Hisein, Nuriadi Nuriadi, Siska Efendi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimization of Intercropping Corn in Immature Oil Palm Plantations (Non-Yielding Stage)
The optimization of land use in immature oil palm plantations (non-yielding stage) is crucial to enhancing productivity and supporting sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of corn intercropping systems on vegetative growth, yield, and land-use efficiency in immature oil palm plantations. An experimental method with a Randomized Block Design was employed, consisting of two treatments: corn monoculture (control) and corn intercropped in the inter-row spaces of immature oil palms, each replicated three times. Observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, cob weight, grain yield, and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). The results demonstrated that intercropped corn exhibited higher vegetative growth, including increased plant height and leaf number, due to optimal utilization of growing space and improved microclimatic conditions, such as stable soil moisture and light shading. Generative growth also improved, as evidenced by higher cob weight and grain yield, which reached 7.6 t/ha compared to 6.9 t/ha in monoculture. The LER value of 1.10 indicated a 10% higher land-use efficiency in intercropping systems. Positive interactions among crops minimized competition for nutrients and water, enhanced weed control, and maintained stable microclimatic conditions, contributing to sustainable plantation management. Economically, intercropping provided additional income for farmers during the immature phase of oil palms without compromising the main crop. In conclusion, corn intercropping in immature oil palm plantations optimizes space, improves both vegetative and generative growth, enhances yield per unit area, increases LER, and offers ecological and economic benefits, making it a viable and sustainable strategy for maximizing productivity and supporting diversified agricultural systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cecep Ijang Wahyudin, Rannando Rannando, Fachri Ibrahim Nasution (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Edible Film Application from Red Ginger Starch as Seblak Seasoning Packaging
Edible film was a thin layer made from agricultural-based raw materials that was applied as a coating on food components and was directly consumable. Red ginger as a herbal plant contained polysaccharides that had the potential to serve as a starch source. This study aimed to obtain the best edible film formulation with the addition of red ginger starch, which was applied as packaging for seblak seasoning. The research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments and three replications. The treatments included P1 with 0.5 g of red ginger starch, P2 with 1.0 g, P3 with 1.5 g, P4 with 2.0 g, and P5 with 2.5 g. The observed parameters were water vapor transmission rate, thickness, solubility, dissolution time in seblak seasoning, and moisture content of the edible film applied to the seasoning. Based on the results, the selected treatment was P1 (0.5 g red ginger starch), which produced a water vapor transmission rate of 4.58 g/m²•hour, a thickness of 0.18 mm, a solubility of 91.08%, a dissolution time of 1 minute 3 seconds in seblak seasoning, and a moisture index of 0.0711 g on the sixth day.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melati Savira Habsari, Yelmira Zalfiatri, Dewi Fortuna Ayu, Annisa Nazifa Salman, Cecep Ijang Wahyudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of Precision Feed Technology Model for Ruminant Livestock Based on Nutritional Sensors
Feeding is a key factor in ruminant livestock production systems, often ignoring the variations in individual nutritional needs of livestock, reducing efficiency and increasing feed waste. Therefore, this study aims to examine and develop a precision feeding technology model concept for ruminant livestock based on nutritional sensors through a descriptive-interpretive approach based on the latest scientific literature. The results show that the use of nutritional sensors, rumen sensors, feed consumption sensors, and feeding behavior sensors allows for real-time monitoring of livestock physiological conditions and nutritional status. Integration of sensor data into an adaptive nutrition model has been shown to improve the accuracy of estimating individual nutritional requirements, reduce the risk of overfeeding and underfeeding, and increase feed efficiency. Further discussion shows that although precision feeding technology has developed rapidly, its application is still dominated by intensive livestock systems in developed countries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hajar Hajar, Inal Inal, Awal Maulid Sari, La Oge (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Utilization of Agricultural Mechanization and Its Impact on Integrated Rice Farming and Cattle Farming in Merauke Regency
Agricultural mechanization is an important strategy for increasing the efficiency and productivity of integrated rice farming with cattle farming in Merauke Regency. Agricultural mechanization can improve labor efficiency and accelerate the cultivation process, from land preparation to post-harvest. This research was conducted from October to December 2025 in three districts: Tanah Miring, Kurik, and Semangga. The research locations were selected based on the highest rice production centers in Merauke Regency. Data in this study were obtained from primary and secondary data. The results showed that all rice farmers who are members of farmer groups have utilized agricultural machinery in their farming processes, including cultivation, harvesting, and post-harvest. Rice farming using mechanization is feasible with a R/C ratio of 2.38. The amount of farmer income is Rp 32,590,000 and profit is Rp 21,907,000 per planting season.
Copyright (c) 2026 T A K Rimbayana, Abdul Rizal, Wa Ode Suriani, Natsir Sandiah, Yosehi Mekiuw, Yus Witdarko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact Of Exposure To Phymar Csl Application On The Activity Of Pollinating Bee Tetragonula Laeviceps Smith (Hymenoptera; Apidae)
The stingless bee Tetragonula laeviceps (<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Hymenoptera&sca_esv=591f49c5cb9ac867&ei=zStyaeCPCour4-EPqrq96AQ&ved=2ahUKEwiu8t_5pZ-SAxWd2DgGHXqwC0gQgK4QegQIARAC&uact=5&oq=ordo+dan+famili+Tetragonula+laeviceps&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiJW9yZG8gZGFuIGZhbWlsaSBUZXRyYWdvbnVsYSBsYWV2aWNlcHMyCBAAGIAEGKIEMgUQABjvBTIFEAAY7wUyBRAAGO8FMggQABiABBiiBEi6IlCKA1idG3ABeACQAQCYAZwBoAHWCaoBBDEuMTC4AQPIAQD4AQGYAgygAqEKwgILEAAYgAQYsAMYogTCAggQABiwAxjvBZgDAIgGAZAGBZIHBDIuMTCgB5ArsgcEMS4xMLgHnArCBwUwLjQuOMgHLYAIAA&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&mstk=AUtExfCem-2kOZWm0sijTF8drT185F3Dgp1la9V1C7LnpF-6vjrdrVJM0Aihy7voeoJXNRdo-5-d7vVnyw0I7zwc3uRhE8bu74Sd6L2y78VTgG6Ds7Qn58Vx_9xl9TTchJvWK7o&csui=3">Hymenoptera; <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Apidae&sca_esv=591f49c5cb9ac867&ei=zStyaeCPCour4-EPqrq96AQ&ved=2ahUKEwiu8t_5pZ-SAxWd2DgGHXqwC0gQgK4QegQIARAD&uact=5&oq=ordo+dan+famili+Tetragonula+laeviceps&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiJW9yZG8gZGFuIGZhbWlsaSBUZXRyYWdvbnVsYSBsYWV2aWNlcHMyCBAAGIAEGKIEMgUQABjvBTIFEAAY7wUyBRAAGO8FMggQABiABBiiBEi6IlCKA1idG3ABeACQAQCYAZwBoAHWCaoBBDEuMTC4AQPIAQD4AQGYAgygAqEKwgILEAAYgAQYsAMYogTCAggQABiwAxjvBZgDAIgGAZAGBZIHBDIuMTCgB5ArsgcEMS4xMLgHnArCBwUwLjQuOMgHLYAIAA&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&mstk=AUtExfCem-2kOZWm0sijTF8drT185F3Dgp1la9V1C7LnpF-6vjrdrVJM0Aihy7voeoJXNRdo-5-d7vVnyw0I7zwc3uRhE8bu74Sd6L2y78VTgG6Ds7Qn58Vx_9xl9TTchJvWK7o&csui=3">Apidae) is an important pollinator that supports agricultural productivity, yet its population may be affected by pesticide use, including botanical pesticides. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of the botanical pesticide Phymar CSL to T. laeviceps, assess the effects of its residues on bee survival, and determine whether Phymar CSL acts as an attractant or repellent. The study was conducted at the Plant Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, from November-December 2025. Toxicity tests were carried out using five concentrations of Phymar CSL (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mL/L) mixed with a 10% honey solution and analyzed using probit analysis, while residue and preference tests were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the LC₅₀ value of Phymar CSL for T. laeviceps was 16.194 mL/L, which was lower than the recommended field application dose (20 mL/L). Residue exposure resulted in relatively low bee mortality, even at LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ concentrations. Preference tests using a Y-tube olfactometer indicated that Phymar CSL was not attractive but exhibited repellent properties toward T. laeviceps. These findings suggest that although direct exposure to Phymar CSL may pose toxic risks to T. laeviceps, its residues are relatively safe and do not attract bees; therefore, application should be avoided during flowering stages and peak foraging periods to support pollinator conservation and sustainable agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Anisa, Awaluddin Awaluddin, Rahayu Rahayu, Waode Siti Anima Hisein (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Response Of Nilaparvata Lugens (Stal.) Hemiptera; Delpacidae To The Application Of Deltamethrin Insecticides At Sublethal Concentrations
The initial population of Nilaparvata lugens was obtained from the field and developed in the entomology and toxicology laboratory of the plant protection department of Halu Oleo University. This study began with mass cultivation of the N. lugens insect pest. This was followed by selecting the LC50 concentration based on mortality at 72 hours after treatment. The results of the probit analysis found an LC50 value 3.16 ml/L for the insecticide deltamethrin. The high recommended concentration found for the insecticide deltamethrin is suspected because it is not recommended for use on N. lugens in rice fields. Increasing the frequency of application at sublethal concentrations (LC10 and LC25) was shown to trigger an increase in the resurgence ratio of 1.50 and 1.70 times, respectively, compared to the control group.
Copyright (c) 2026 Awaluddin Awaluddin, Waode Siti Anima Hisein, Siska Efendi, La Oge, Cecep Ijang Wahyuddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Community Perceptions Of The Existence Of Poultry Slaughterhouses In Baruga District, Kendari City
This study aims to identify community perceptions of the existence of poultry slaughterhouses (RPA) in Baruga District, Kendari City. The presence of RPAs often generates both support and opposition among residents, particularly regarding environmental cleanliness, comfort, health, and local economic aspects. This research employed a qualitative descriptive approach using survey methods through questionnaires and in-depth interviews with 40 respondents living around the RPA area. The findings indicate that most residents hold negative perceptions toward the existence of RPAs due to unpleasant odors, wastewater that disrupts drainage systems, and noise from slaughtering activities that disturb comfort. However, some residents view the RPA as beneficial for providing employment opportunities and ensuring access to fresh chicken meat. The main factors influencing public perception are inadequate waste management and the close proximity between residential areas and RPA locations. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the management of RPAs, particularly in sanitation and waste treatment aspects, so that their presence can be sustainably accepted by the surrounding community.
Copyright (c) 2025 Awal Maulid Sari, Inal Inal, Hajar Hajar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Revitalization of Agricultural Business Institutions to Increase the Socio-Economic Resilience of the Coastal Community of Baho Village
Farmers’ institutional structures play a strategic role in strengthening the socio-economic resilience of coastal communities. Desa Baho, as one of the coastal villages, faces various challenges, including limited market access, insufficient capital, and inadequate knowledge of agricultural and fisheries technologies. This literature study aims to examine the role of revitalizing farmers’ institutions in improving the welfare of coastal communities. The method employed is a systematic literature review of journals, books, and research reports related to the strengthening of farmers’ institutions and coastal community empowerment from 2015 to 2025. The findings indicate that strengthening farmers’ institutions through the establishment of cooperatives, business management training, access to microfinance, and the use of appropriate technologies can increase productivity, income, and socio-economic capacity. Furthermore, strong institutions support collaboration among farmers, environmental risk mitigation, and adaptation to market changes. The discussion emphasizes the importance of an integrative strategy involving the government, academia, and the private sector to ensure the sustainability of farmers’ institutions. Institutional revitalization not only enhances economic capacity but also strengthens social networks, solidarity, and community participation in decision-making. In conclusion, revitalizing farmers’ institutions is an important instrument for strengthening the socio-economic resilience of coastal communities, and its implementation strategy must be tailored to local characteristics and the needs of the Desa Baho community.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erfain Erfain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Farmer Groups in Increasing the Efficiency of Post-Harvest Handling of Chilies in Baho Village
Post-harvest handling is a crucial stage in maintaining the quality and market value of agricultural commodities, including chili peppers, which are one of the main products of the community in Baho Village. This study aims to analyze the role of farmer groups in improving the efficiency of chili post-harvest handling in Baho Village, as well as to identify factors that support or hinder the implementation of optimal post-harvest practices. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation with farmer group members and village officials. The results indicate that farmer groups play a significant role in coordinating harvesting, drying, sorting, and packaging processes. Through training activities and experience sharing, farmer groups enhance members’ skills in maintaining crop quality and reducing product damage. However, challenges include limited storage facilities, lack of access to modern post-harvest technology, and market price fluctuations that affect farmers’ motivation. With support from local government and extension agencies, optimizing the role of farmer groups is expected to improve post-harvest efficiency and the welfare of chili farmers in Baho Village.
Copyright (c) 2025 La Oge, La Panga, Wd Syafitri Salsabila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Cocoa Cultivation and Its Development Prospects in Southeast Sulawesi in Facing the Global Market
Cocoa is one of Indonesia’s leading commodities that significantly contributes to the national economy, particularly in the Southeast Sulawesi region. This area is known as one of the largest cocoa-producing centers in Indonesia, with vast potential for further development. This study aims to examine the current state of cocoa cultivation in Southeast Sulawesi and its prospects in facing the challenges of the global market through a literature review approach. The study highlights various aspects, including agroecological conditions, cultivation techniques, productivity levels, and challenges in the supply chain and marketing. The findings indicate that cocoa development in Southeast Sulawesi has great potential but still faces several issues, such as poor seed quality, pest and disease attacks, and limited post-harvest technological innovation. Furthermore, environmental sustainability and product certification have become major requirements in global trade. Strengthening farmers’ capacity, implementing sustainable agricultural practices, and providing strong support from both local and national governments are key factors in enhancing the competitiveness of Southeast Sulawesi cocoa in international markets. With proper management strategies, cocoa can become a highly competitive leading commodity that contributes to improving local community welfare.
Copyright (c) 2025 Imran Imran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Web-Based Employee Recruitment Information System: A Design Study
The advancement of information technology has encouraged companies to undergo digital transformation across various operational aspects, including employee recruitment. Manual recruitment processes often create challenges such as administrative delays, data duplication, and limited access to information. This literature review aims to examine the concepts, benefits, and previous research findings related to the design of web-based employee recruitment information systems. The study adopts a qualitative approach through a review of various academic sources, including journals, books, and research reports related to information systems and human resource management. The findings indicate that web-based recruitment systems improve time efficiency, data accuracy, and transparency in the selection process. Furthermore, such systems simplify the application process for job seekers and support HR departments in conducting data-driven analyses and decision-making. Previous studies have also highlighted that the adoption of web-based systems can enhance recruitment quality by 40–60% compared to manual methods. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating information technology into human resource management as a strategic step toward organizational digitalization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Khair Junaidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Energy Engineering Analysis of Agricultural Product Drying Systems: A Review of Thermal Efficiency and Energy Consumption
Drying is a crucial post-harvest process in agricultural product handling, aimed at reducing moisture content to a safe equilibrium level against microbial and enzymatic activity. Energy and thermal efficiency have become major issues in the development of modern drying systems oriented toward sustainability. This study aims to review various energy engineering approaches applied to agricultural drying systems, focusing on improving thermal efficiency and reducing energy consumption. Based on recent literature, renewable energy–based dryers such as solar dryers, solar–biomass hybrid systems, and heat pump technologies have demonstrated significant improvements in energy efficiency. The integration of digital technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), also contributes to drying optimization through adaptive control systems. The review reveals that conventional dryers typically exhibit thermal efficiencies below 20%, whereas modern engineered systems can achieve 45–70%, depending on design and applied technology. Therefore, energy engineering innovations have great potential to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural drying systems while supporting national food security and energy efficiency goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arjal Tando (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sustainable Agropreneurship Strategies through the Optimization of Palm Oil-Based Chocolate Bar Formulations
The development of sustainable agropreneurship is a crucial strategy to enhance the added value of agricultural and plantation commodities, particularly in the cocoa and palm oil industries. One promising innovation is the formulation of palm oil-based chocolate bars, serving as an alternative or complement to cocoa butter. This literature review aims to analyze optimization strategies for chocolate bar formulations utilizing palm oil to support the sustainability of agropreneurial ventures. The research method employed is a comprehensive review of recent scholarly sources (2018–2024) addressing processing technology, physicochemical properties, consumer acceptance, as well as economic and environmental impacts. The findings indicate that the incorporation of palm oil in chocolate bar formulations has the potential to reduce production costs, improve product stability, and create new market opportunities. Moreover, integrating palm oil utilization with sustainability principles can reduce dependence on imported cocoa butter and increase the added value of domestic palm oil. Challenges include adjusting the formulation composition to preserve the distinctive chocolate flavor, complying with international quality standards, and addressing consumer perceptions regarding palm oil. This study recommends collaboration among farmers, industry stakeholders, researchers, and government bodies to promote innovation in products derived from local commodities. Therefore, optimizing palm oil-based chocolate bar formulations can serve as a sustainable agropreneurship strategy that synergizes economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Rizal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Technological Innovations in Cocoa Cultivation for Enhancing Productivity and Bean Quality
Technological innovation in cocoa cultivation has become increasingly urgent in line with the growing global demand for high-quality cocoa products. This literature review aims to evaluate various modern agricultural technologies applied in cocoa cultivation and examine how these technologies contribute to improving yield and bean quality. The review covers innovations such as precision irrigation systems, sensor-based fertilization, the use of high-yield and disease-resistant varieties, agroforestry practices, and post-harvest technologies including controlled fermentation and mechanical drying. The methodology involved a systematic search of scientific articles, technical reports, and publications from agricultural institutions published between 2010 and 2025, using databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and the portals of IPB University and the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development. Selection criteria were based on relevance, empirical impact, and methodological rigor. The findings identified five key domains of innovation: irrigation and water management, soil fertility and nutrient management, genetic improvement of varieties, agroforestry systems, and post-harvest technologies. Each innovation demonstrated significant improvements in yield (ranging from 20–50%) and bean quality (sensory attributes, fat content, product cleanliness). The integration of multiple technologies produced higher synergistic effects. Key challenges include slow adoption due to limited capital and farmers’ technical knowledge, as well as inadequate infrastructure. Recommendations include enhancing access to technology training, providing policy and financial support, and conducting further research on the application of digital and IoT-based technologies in cocoa cultivation. This study provides a foundation for understanding and developing sustainable cocoa cultivation strategies in the modern era.
Study of Corn Silage Storage Management to Support Ruminant Livestock Nutrition
Ruminant livestock productivity in Indonesia remains low, largely due to the lack of a consistently available supply of highly nutritious feed. Utilizing agricultural waste, such as corn, as a base material for silage is a potential solution to address feed constraints. Corn-based silage can provide consistent feed throughout the year and boasts a relatively high nutritional content. However, the main challenges with its use are long-term storage and stability against air exposure, which are crucial for feed quality and safety. Several studies have shown that extending storage time can improve digestibility, but can also increase the likelihood of silage quality degradation if storage methods are not optimal. Issues such as reduced nutritional value, the emergence of harmful microorganisms, and the risk of mycotoxin contamination are key concerns that must be addressed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine how storage time affects the nutritional quality of corn silage and to analyze the effectiveness of different storage methods in maintaining aerobic stability and preventing spoilage, particularly under complex tropical climate conditions. Corn silage quality is influenced by storage methods, fermentation time, and environmental temperature and humidity. Anaerobic storage using silos or airtight plastic with high compaction effectively maintains a low pH and prevents contamination. Optimal fermentation takes 60–90 days, while longer storage can degrade quality. Corn's high carbohydrate content supports good fermentation, making it a superior feed source during the dry season.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hajar Hajar, La Panga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Utilization of Oil Palm Waste as a Renewable Energy Source: A Current Literature Review
The palm oil industry is one of Indonesia’s key plantation sectors, generating substantial amounts of both solid and liquid waste. This waste includes empty fruit bunches (EFB), shells, fibers, and palm oil mill effluent (POME). This literature review aims to examine the potential and recent technological advancements in utilizing oil palm waste as an environmentally friendly renewable energy source. A systematic literature review was conducted using journal articles, conference proceedings, and scientific reports published between 2018 and 2024. The findings indicate that oil palm waste can be converted into solid biomass (such as briquettes and pellets), biogas from POME, and raw materials for biodiesel and bioethanol. Technologies employed include anaerobic fermentation, pyrolysis, and gasification. Moreover, the utilization of this waste contributes to greenhouse gas emission reduction and enhances energy efficiency in plantation and processing facilities. However, technical and economic challenges remain major barriers to large-scale development. Collaboration among industry stakeholders, government, and academia is essential for the sustainable optimization of oil palm waste utilization. This study highlights that transforming waste into energy is a strategic step toward national energy resilience and sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cecep Ijang Wahyudin, La Oge (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Strategies to Improve Livestock Productivity through Probiotic Supplementation: A Literature Review
Improving livestock productivity is a key objective in the development of the animal husbandry sector. One innovative approach that has gained widespread attention is the use of probiotics as dietary supplements. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. This literature review aims to examine the role and effectiveness of probiotic supplementation in enhancing the productivity of various livestock species, including ruminants, poultry, and swine. Data were collected from relevant national and international journal publications from 2015 to 2024. The findings indicate that probiotic supplementation can improve feed digestibility, stabilize gut microflora, enhance feed conversion efficiency, and strengthen immune response and reproductive performance in livestock. Moreover, the use of probiotics may reduce the reliance on antibiotics, making it a more environmentally friendly and sustainable strategy. However, its effectiveness is highly influenced by factors such as the type of probiotic, dosage, method of administration, and the physiological condition of the animals. Therefore, properly designed probiotic supplementation strategies can serve as a promising solution to sustainably improve livestock productivity. This review highlights the need for further locally based research and field trials to optimize the application of probiotics in the context of the Indonesian livestock system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Inal Inal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nutritional Transformation of Ruminant Feed: A Literature Review on the Role of Fermentation in Enhancing Productivity
Feed is a fundamental component in ruminant livestock production systems, directly influencing productivity and overall efficiency. Given the limited availability of high-quality feed resources, feed fermentation emerges as a promising strategy to enhance the nutritional value of abundant and low-cost local feed materials. The fermentation process involves the activity of microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing anti-nutritional compounds, improving fiber digestibility, enriching protein content, and generating beneficial secondary metabolites that support digestive health. This literature review aims to examine existing research on feed fermentation mechanisms, types of microorganisms employed, changes in nutrient composition, and the effects on ruminant performance, including feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, weight gain, and milk production. The findings indicate that fermentation using lactic acid bacteria, fungi, or yeast significantly improves the quality of fibrous feeds such as rice straw, cassava leaves, and agro-industrial by-products. Consequently, animal performance improves, accompanied by enhanced feed efficiency. Therefore, feed fermentation technology holds substantial potential in supporting sustainable livestock systems, particularly in areas with limited access to high-quality feed. This review highlights the need for standardization of fermentation techniques and comprehensive economic evaluations to facilitate large-scale adoption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hajar Hajar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Post Harvest Practices among the Muna Ethnic Group: A Literature Review on Local Wisdom in Sustainable Agriculture
Post-harvest practices are a critical phase in the agricultural production system, directly affecting the quality, quantity, and market value of harvested crops. In Indonesia, particularly among indigenous communities such as the Muna ethnic group in Southeast Sulawesi, post-harvest activities are still conducted using traditional methods passed down through generations. This literature review aims to identify, analyze, and evaluate the traditional post-harvest practices of the Muna people and assess their relevance within the framework of sustainable agriculture. The study draws upon scientific publications, ethnographic records, and research reports related to traditional farming systems and local wisdom in the Muna region. The findings reveal that practices such as bamboo granary storage (tambu), sun-drying methods, and crop bartering systems carry ecological, social, and economic values that align with the principles of sustainable agriculture. Despite the advancement of modern technologies, these indigenous practices remain relevant as they contribute to environmental conservation, strengthen local food security, and preserve cultural heritage. This study recommends integrating these traditional practices into sustainable agricultural development programs grounded in local wisdom.
Copyright (c) 2025 La Panga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Technical and Economic Efficiency in Farming: A Literature Study Using the DEA and Frontier Production Approaches
Technical and economic efficiency are key indicators in evaluating farm performance, particularly in the context of limited land resources, input constraints, and the challenges posed by climate change. This study aims to systematically review existing literature that employs Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Frontier Production Function approaches particularly Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to measure farm efficiency in Indonesia and other developing countries. DEA provides a non-parametric means of assessing technical efficiency without assuming a specific production function, whereas frontier approaches offer parametric analysis by incorporating random disturbances in the production process. Based on a review of 20 selected articles, the findings reveal that farmers' technical efficiency generally ranges from 60% to 85%, while economic efficiency tends to be lower due to input-output price imbalances and limited access to market information. Key factors influencing efficiency include farmers’ education level, farm size, technology adoption, and participation in farmer groups. This study highlights the strengths of these quantitative approaches as data-driven tools for agricultural policy formulation at both micro (farm) and macro (national policy) levels. The findings underscore the importance of integrating DEA and SFA methods to provide a more comprehensive picture of farm performance. Enhancing efficiency thus requires a combination of technical training, agricultural digitalization, and the development of inclusive policies that support smallholder farmers in a sustainable manner.
Copyright (c) 2025 La Harudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Postharvest Physiological Studies on the Quality and Shelf Life of Tropical Fruits: A Literature Review
Tropical fruits possess high economic value but are highly susceptible to quality deterioration after harvest due to ongoing physiological processes. This study aims to review postharvest physiological factors that affect the quality and shelf life of tropical fruits by synthesizing findings from recent literature. Key physiological processes such as respiration, transpiration, ripening, and enzymatic activity are critical in maintaining fruit quality. The findings indicate that effective management of temperature, humidity, controlled atmosphere, and the application of ethylene inhibitors can significantly delay senescence and extend the shelf life of tropical fruits. The novelty of this review lies in its synthesis of recent literature (2020–2024), emphasizing the integration of biological approaches (e.g., plant hormone treatments) and innovative technologies (e.g., edible coatings and smart packaging) to regulate postharvest physiological processes. This review also proposes a synergistic approach combining physiological understanding with technological interventions to optimize the tropical fruit supply chain in developing countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 La Oge (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Smart Farming and Consumer Awareness; Measuring the Uptake of Agri-Tech in the Digital Landscape
This research analyzes global search trends for "Smart Farming" and "Smart Agriculture" over the last five years, aiming to uncover how public interest in these digital agricultural terms has evolved. This research employed a quantitative research design by examining Google Trends data from last 5 years. The study identifies long-term growth, seasonal fluctuations, and surges in interest due to global events and technological advancements. The key findings reveal that "Smart Agriculture" has consistently outpaced "Smart Farming" in global popularity, with peak interest for Smart Agriculture reaching a score of 100 in March 2025, compared to 83 for Smart Farming in November 2024. From 2020 to 2025, the average interest for Smart Agriculture was 65, while Smart Farming averaged 50. Additionally, seasonal patterns indicated higher interest in Q1 (January–March), peaking in February 2025 for Smart Agriculture with a score of 96–100. The study also observed significant surges in interest in 2022, particularly around May, when interest in Smart Agriculture spiked to 91, likely driven by the Ukraine conflict and food security concerns. The research further highlights global geographical variations, with countries like Afghanistan, Armenia, and Belize showing strong interest in Smart Agriculture (scoring 100), while countries such as Haiti and Venezuela led the Smart Farming interest rankings. Overall, the study concludes that Smart Agriculture is becoming a global priority, significantly driven by technological and geopolitical factors, with broad implications for policy, research, and industry innovation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asep Koswara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0